Later Days,

Duesr

Later Days,

D

In other news my good friend Jason Griffaw left for the army today. I know that I am going miss him over the next couple of months. He is a wise man and has been a good friend to me for a very long time. I look forward to seeing him again and know that I will.

I also spoke out loud about the type of movie that I want to make. As I get further along in my education I find that my opinions are becoming more solid and that telling a story that I want to on the screen has become more important to me. That’s all I have for today.

Later Days,

Duesr

Later Days,

Duesr

Later Days,

Duesr

A Brief History of Mass Communications in the Philippines

By

John Duesenberry

Introduction to Mass Communication Fall Semester, TCMN 151

Professor Dee Gross

December 5, 2011

John Duesenberry

Professor Dee Gross

Introduction to Mass Communication

5 December 2011

Any form of communication whether it be person to person, person to multiple people, or multiple people must begin simply at language. The language of a people is the key to being able to communicate to an audience both large and small. We will examine the history of the Filipino language from its early roots (Pre-Hispanic) to the modern day and how we are now using that language in a modern format via the Web and mobile communication.

Prior to the invasion of Philippines by Spain the Filipino people had already developed a language, an alphabet, and a form of mass communication. “The pre-Hispanic Filipinos wrote on many different materials; leaves, palm fronds, tree bark and fruit rinds, but the most common material was bamboo. The writing tools or panulat were the points of daggers or small pieces of iron.” (Morrow) The Filipinos were then able to make the carvings stand out by rubbing ash into the carvings making them stand out from the rest of the bamboo. Filipinos did not begin to use ink until after the arrival of the Spaniards in the late sixteenth century. The alphabet, or Babayin, that they developed had become an integral part of Filipino society. Unfortunately because there was little done to preserve Babayin there are only currently three forms of the alphabet that remain today. They are still written by some using bamboo and a knife, while some scholars, particularly Paul Versoza, have preserved them for record. Versoza, a 20^th century member of the Old National Language institute coined a modern term for Babiyan called alibata stating “in 1921 I returned from the United States to give public lectures on Tagalog philology, calligraphy, and linguistics. I introduced the word alibata, which found its way into newsprints and often mentioned by many authors in their writings. I coined this word in 1914 in the New York Public Library, Manuscript Research Division, basing it on the Maguindanao (Moro) arrangement of letters of the alphabet after the Arabic: alif, ba, ta (alibata), “f” having been eliminated for euphony’s sake.” It was this knowledge that was able to establish a firm grip on the history of Pre-Hispanic Filipino language.

Spanish Colonization of the Philippines began in 1565 and lasted until 1898, it was during this time that the Spanish forced the native Filipinos” (Cuadernos de Historia, Instituto)to speak a new language, where before they had (and still have) a Babel of tongues.” amongst other things. It was during this time of change foe the Filipino people that there forms of communication changed drastically. Prior to the Spanish invasion the writing had been slim and stories were told with a more oral tradition. The Spanish brought with them Catholicism which the Filipinos embraced unquestioningly. Whereas the system that they previously used was mainly about sustenance the Spanish now were forcing new religion, systems of government, and even naming of people. Filipinos learned new ways of farming as well. This system was the catalyst for more change culturally for the Filipinos and how they communicate.

The Spanish language was still popular in the Philippines during the Pacific War. At that time more than one million people still spoke Spanish and were heavily influenced by their more than 300 year presence. The country today is still largely Catholic (81 percent) according to the website www.state.gov and its influence can still be felt. The language itself was “basically among middle-upper and upper classes, as a language for understanding among themselves, and still maintained its position as the official language for law and administration as well as was the lingua franca in trading, together with English. (Cuadernos de Historia, Instituto) Much of this was due to anti-English sentiment towards the United States. The religious dogma of Catholicism had become entrenched in the Philippines and many of more affluent people were not willing to give it up.

“The birth of English-language media in the Philippines took place not long after the Americans set foot in the Philippines, when on October 11, 1898, an Englishman, Thomas Gowan, founded the country’s oldest newspaper The Manila Times.”(Dayag 34) This paper was followed soon by The Manila Daily Bulletin (February 1900), The Herald(1920) and The Tribune(1925), the latter three being the most popular English speaking papers through World War II. There were also several publications that were published on a weekly basis including the Philippines Free Press (1907) and the Graphic (1927). The Japanese occupation halted these newspapers, but it was not long after the liberation that many new publishers began to appear. “Among the American newspapers in circulation were the Yank, Daily Pacifican, Stars and Stripes, Free Philippines, and small airmail editions of Time and Newsweek.” (Dayag 34) Not to be outdone many of the underground newspapers that were being published during the occupation by Japan came to the forefront. They began to compete with many of the English papers of the times. Difficult times were ahead for the free press of the Philippines.

President Ferdinand Marcos issued Proclamation 1081 on September 21, 1972 which placed the entire Philippines under Martial Law. The law allowed him to seize control of the Mass Media in the country. Marcos shut of the free press and in so doing he created a void of intelligence. His “military might choked hard at the throats of writers, editors, and publishers and the media facilities. The Philippines went into a deathly journalistic silence.”(Dayag 34)

Marcos also took control of the television at the time. Seizing control from their respective owners and handing them over to family members that would make it easier for him to control his message. Marcos wife’s, Imelda, family members also took over “Ambassador Roberto S. Benedicto took over ABS-CBN, a multi-million dollar radio-TV complex which used to be owned by business tycoon Eugenio Lopez Sr” (Dayag 34), this seizure of control was integral in the control of Filipinos by the Marcos regime. He then had many of the country’s leading personalities arrested and jailed for simply being a personality.

Eventually Marcos would lift Martial Law in 1981 but after nine years of terror the people of the Philippines, particularly the media, had become afraid of what could happen to them because of Marcos. However on February 25, 1986 the military and the citizens of the Philippines rose up against Marcos and he was ousted, which lead to a huge revolution in mass media. Newspapers, television stations, and radio stations could now freely speak their minds and in so doing create a new level of discourse for their people. “The fledgling democracy and the accompanying freedoms the Filipino people regained resulted in the mushrooming of national broadsheets and tabloids.. In the late 1980’s and the 1990’s a few more broadsheets were founded, In 1986, Manila Standard was born, and in 1993, Today was founded by Teodoro Loesin Jr., son of the late Teodoro Sr., The founder of The Philippines Free Press.” (Dayag 36) This transition marked another step towards the future of media in the country, especially with the digital revolution right around the corner.

The beginning of the 1990’s was very important around the world. The internet was is in its infancy and media was about to change. The Philippines was an island nation that had a lot of travel between islands and with the successful overthrow of Marcos in 1986. The democratization of the Philippines was very impactful to its people. The first incident that really set into motion what was needed in the Philippines was People Power II. The sitting president of the Philippines was a man by the name of Joseph Estrada. He was an actor turned politician that had won the vote by a landslide by appealing to the lower class, however he was found to be corrupt, allegations that had gotten their weight from the Internet and via SMS(text messaging). “On January 16th, 2001, the senate impeachment committee voted 11-10 to reject the opening of an envelope that was believed to contain crucial evidenceagainst Estrada. Within hours, Manila residents poured into the streets to protest at the Shrine at Epifnio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), the site of the 1986 People Power movement. Carrying a strong sense of history, massive demonstrations of People Power II lasted for four days from the 16th to the 20th, when the protesters received a deluge of sympathetic media coverage, which added tremendously to the polifical pressure on Estrada. On the 17th, all senator-judges resigned from the impeachment trial and the case was suspended indefinitely. The Defense Secretary and Finance Secretary resigned on the 19th. By then, most members of the Estrada cabinet had abandoned office, and the military had sided with demonstrators. On January 20,2001, Estrada was escorted out of the Malacanang Palace by the Armed Forces Chief of Staff and the Vice Chief of Staff. By the end of the day, the Supreme Court declared the presidency vacant; Arroyo was sworn in as the new president” (Qiu, 41) the internet and mobile communication like the newspapers fifteen years before had drastically changed the politics of the day. People Power II was a success in overthrowing the government once again in the Philippines. Not unusual here is the fact that Mobile Phone usage has grown exponentially in the Philippines. In 1999 there were less than 5 million units in the Philippines, but by the year 2002 the numbers had tripled. (Qiu 43) Today that number has grown. Interesting is that in the Philippines as opposed to the United States the majority of Cell Phone usage is done via SMS. Phone calls are rare and there are very few monthly contracts. The people of the Philippines prepay for their service. A sim card is what is used and now cell phone companies are building phones that have the ability to carry two sim cards so that customers can use more than one carrier to access their information. The Mobile revolution has certainly helped people of the Philippines to be able to share information more freely.

Language can’t be undervalued nor can the free sharing of information in a society. The earliest of Filipinos understood this when they were using knives to carve into bamboo. The stories of a people must be shared amongst the people. Whether it was the Spanish Invaders, The Americans after them, or their own people the language of the Philippines and the free distribution of information has been vital to its people. That is of course true with any society. Today in Africa we are beginning to see a great deal of change since its people have gone mobile. Prosperity has become even greater for them and the mobile device may just be the great equalizer in the world.

Works Cited

Morrow, Paul “Baybayin – The Ancient Script of the Philippines” mts.net

Web 14 July, 2010

Verzosa, Paul Rodriguez.   “Pangbansang Titik nang Pilipinas (Philippine National

Writing). Manila, 1939. From Michael Y. Cueva (e-mail, November 5, 2002)

Cuadernos de Historia, Instituto Cervantes, Manila, N. 1 (1998): 177-190

FRom the website: http://www.aeep.es/socios/rodao/98a1eng.htm

Dayag, Danilo T. “The English-Language Media In The Philippines.” World English’s 23.1 (2004): 33-45. Academic Search Complete. Web. 5 Dec. 2011

Qiu, Jack Linchuan “Mobile Civil Society in Asia: A Comparative Study of People Power II and the Nosamo Movement. Javnost-The Public Vol: 15(2008) 

Pre-Islamic Arabian Society and the Prime Targets of the Qu’ran

John R. Duesenberry II

Civilization 161G, Fall Semester, W102

Professor Valerie McGowan-Doyle

November 29, 2011

The Pre-Islamic Arab world was primarily dominated by two distinct religious groups : The Byzantine Christians and the Zoroastrian Sasanid Persians. The two groups had been fighting for over four centuries until in a single exhausting conflict that impacted both groups. The conflict lasted from the years 608 CE to 627 CE. A new power began to emerge at this time from the south destroying one group, The Zoroastrians, and severely weakening the second group, The Byzantines.

“Pre-Islamic Arabia was not just a land of deserts, camels, and pastoralists.” (Craig et al 291) The area was actually multicultural and an agricultural power. While there was significant influence from the Christians and Zorastrians there were also Jewish Settlements, Persian, Abyssinians, and Arabian Pagan traditions. Many of these early groups were used as buffers between the two large religious groups and groups from the Arabian Steppes. Along one of these routes was the Arabic Highland territory of Hijaz which included the city of Mecca. “Mecca was a center of the caravan trade and a pilgrimage site because of its famous sanctuary, the Ka’Ba (Or Kaaba), where pagan Arabs enshrined gods.” (Craig et al 292). This was significant in the development of the Islamic faith. A major trade route would allow the message of Mohammed to be spread far and wide. Commerce, as it always had, would serve as an excellent way to spread a message. Oddly enough it was the attitudes of many of the wealthy that led to Mohammed’s disbelief in humanity and the need to further the teachings of God (Allah) that had been spread since the time of Noah. Language was also a key factor. The tribes and groups here could speak the same Semitic language, one that was often used by poets to insult their enemies and also to uplift their own soldiers prior to battle. Islam did not have the disadvantage of getting over a language barrier. These were two key factors of the spread of Islam in its early days.

Mohammed was raised an orphan but grew up to marry an older woman by the name of Khadija who was quite wealthy. There were both Meccan themselves. Mohammed “became troubled by the idiolatry, worldliness, and lack of social conscience around him.” (Craig et al 292). While Jewish and Christian faiths also condemened these attitudes they had not been able to supplant the local Arabic Pagan beliefs. Mohammed at the age of 40 began to feel the calling of God to spread a new message to the people of the Arabic world. His place at Mecca was the perfect spot to start. The Arabic people spoke the same language and the route was well traveled. Mohammed believed that the angel Gabriel visited him and gave him the message that he would need to spread to the world to help stop the issues that bothered him. Mohammed decided to use the language to his benefit. His followers he called Muslim (submissive) and the faith Islam (submission) an interesting departure from the previous warrior poets who exalted the praises of men above all. He even used the word Qu’ran which means reciting to name the holy book. Recitation is an action that requires day to day practice which is in and of itself a form of submission. In fact it was only man that did not naturally submit to God’s will. The rest of the creatures of creation did. It was this belief that lead to Mohammed being more inclusive of everyone.

“The Qu’ranic revelations affirm that Mohammed is only the last in a series of prophets chosen to bring God’s word: Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and non-biblical Arabian figures like Salih had similar missions previously.” Mohammed’s interpretation of this was vital to winning the people of the area over to his beliefs. If he was like Moses, Abraham, Christ and non-biblical Arabian figures then his faith was all inclusive, because he was like all of them. Everyone in the area could maintain their current system of beliefs and add onto them what Mohammed was saying. He took what was available and turned it into an inclusive belief system. Islam was Monotheistic just like Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Judaism. This was vital in spreading the beliefs. Three things had led to the spread of Islam in this world: Language, Commerce, and Monotheism. Interestingly enough it was the conversion of his own wife that allowed him initially gain followers. Khadija was a wealthy woman and her conversion was enough to have small groups begin to follow him but not without consequence. While some prominent Meccans joined him there were others who felt threatened by his teachings, particularly the people who were not Monotheistic. These people did not want to abandon their gods and goddesses, nor did they want to lose their holy shrine. The shrine was very lucrative for local businessmen, so they began to persecute Mohammed and his followers. They drove Mohammed and his followers away to the city of Yathrib which was renamed Medina (The City of the Prophet.) It was here that Mohammed was able to create the Umma, the Islamic calendar. Medina became the center of activity for Islam and it was here that Mohammed was able to write down many of the tenants of Islam. Daily prayers (salats), Payment of tithe (zakat), daily fasting during Ramadan (sawm) and finally Pilgrimage back to Mecca were all started here. All of them were parts of the strategy that came from language, commerce, and monotheistic beliefs that led to the spread of Islam today.

Pre-Islamic Arabia was a land of many beliefs that were constantly at war with one another. It was not until Mohammed under the direction of God was able to spread the words of the Qu’ran to the rest of the world. Language, commerce, and monotheism all led to its eventual spread.

Works Cited

Craig, Albert M, William A. Graham, Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. The Heritage of World Civilizations: Ninth Edition. Upper Saddle Ridge, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.

Craig et al

B.C.E.

Differences in Hellenistic and Classical Greek Literature, Art and Philosophy

John R. Duesenberry II

Civilization 161G, Fall Semester, W102

Professor Valerie McGowan-Doyle

September 25^th ,2011

The differences between Hellenistic and Classical Greek literature, art, and philosophy are varied. The Classical approach was dedicated to the idea that we create to the benefit of society, while the Hellenistic approach was humanistic. The two not necessarily being at odds with one another.

The Classical approach to philosophy, art, and literature started in the fifth century B.C.E. in Athens. The Athenians were a powerful polis(city-state) that was at war with the Spartans. The Great Peloponnesian War lasted for over 30 years from 435 B.C.E to 404 B.C.E. (Craig et al 100) It was during this time that Philosophers flourished in Greece. Socrates(469-399 B.C.E.), Plato (427-347 B.C.E.), and Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) Were all incredibly influential at this time. Socrates believed in the harmony of the state so much so that when condemned to death he accepted it.( Craig et al 66) Plato also revered the idea of being true to the state. “Plato firmly believed in the polis and its values.”(Craig et al 66) The ideas of order, harmony and justice could be found in his teachings and was written in his seminal work The Republic. Plato’s ideas were so strong that his Academy lasted a Millenia. Following closely in his work was Aristotle. He founded another school called the Lyceaum in Athens. Aristotle’s biggest influence was that of Philips son Alexander, a Macedonian. Alexander brought about a great change during his reign. It was during this time that the Hellenistic age began and there was a fundamental change in thinking. Plato’s Academy way of thinking began to change and adopted the skeptical approach first established by Pyrrho of Elis. Unlike Plato’s ideas of harmony, order, and justice the Skeptics believed in nothing. A skeptic questioned everything and everyone to the point that they believed only in “conventional morality and the world as it was.”( Craig et al 109) They abandoned the idea that better citizens made a better world, a stark contrast to the Socratics before them. The Cynics took this idea even further by suggesting that the natural world was better way to live. Epicurus of Athens took the idea even further and suggested that it was not knowledge but happiness that people should pursue. Epicurus believed that ataraxia, withdrawal from the physical world, was the highest form. Interesting considering that the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, Buddha had only been born a century before this time in 566 B.C.E(Craig et al 54) The teachings were not all that dissimilar and with Alexander conquering much of Asia the idea of withdrawing from form was now taking hold in Greek as well as the East. The Stoics were the last of the groups that differed from the Socratics. They believed in logos, fire, and that god and the natural world were one and the same. Happiness was obtained through living a life of virtue. Virtue to them was being accordance with nature and therefore god.

Classical Greek art and literature had several different iterations. One of the first and foremost examples were the Attic Tragedies. They first emerged as way to honor Dionysus at the Acropolis in Athens. Several key Authors from this era participated in these religious events. Aeschylus and Sophocles in particular were particularly concerned with politics, morality, religion, and ethics as their philosophical contemporaries were. They used mythology to explain what was happening particularly plays that included satyrs. The Acropolis could hold up to 30,000 people and they would hold contests were held to name the best Actor, author, and choregos. An important step in selling the idea of democracy to the masses. The theater began to include the Old Comedies in the fifth Century B.C.E. Aristophanes was perhaps the most famous of these playwrights. He is in fact the only person that we have complete plays from in this era. Aristophanes stood in contrast to the ideas of his day. Many of his plays were satire of Socrates and Euripides. New Comedy and Menander first appeared in the 4^th century B.C.E. Menander focused on the day to day. He was gentle to the everyman and took comedy out of the divine. Menander showed that it was the mundane that could be funny. The every day life of the average person was worth talking about rather then the fantastical. Take Zeus out of the equation and people could start to relate to the characters. This style of play was exactly where thinking was in the Hellenistic age.

Perhaps the most important thing to come out of the Hellenistic age in terms of literature was not the writing itself rather it was the development of hosting Chronologies. The Ptolemies were a group of Egyptian Hellenistic rulers. They found a great museum where they began they funded the research of scientists and scholars. It was also here that they created a great library that hosted more then half a million books. It was the Ptolemies that preserved much of the writing of that time. The Ptolemies helped to preserve the rich history that was Greek Literature, Art and Philosophy.

The importance of both the Classical and Hellenistic eras of the Greek empire are undeniable when it comes to the arts. The artists of the time were able to explain through their art what their society was going through. Much like what we are experiencing in the modern era in America, The Greeks artists conveyed ideas that were paramount to the history of their people. They also showed how their philosophers contributed to the ideas and needs of their people. The Classical Age was an age of servitude to the state, while the Hellenistic Age was more about the self.

Works Cited

Craig, Albert M, William A. Graham, Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. The Heritage of World Civilizations: Ninth Edition. Upper Saddle Ridge, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.

Craig et al

B.C.E.

The Last Ballad of Enot Faed

by

John R.Duesenberry II

Enot saw home. It had been such a long time since he had been there. The world had changed now and he knew that it was for the better. The small fishing town of Wayside was always full of magic and wonder. Walking into town a person could smell fish, rare spices, and if you had a good sniffer you could smell the veal at the Dragonfly inn. Enot loved his hometown. How could he not, half the town seemed to be Faed’s themselves. He had many little nephews and nieces whom he loved dearly. Enot always enjoyed coming home. After all Mom’s cooking was the best that he had ever tasted.

Enot walked the streets of Wayside humming and whistling the entire time. When he got near the Dragonfly Inn he was greeted by Mustard John.

“Hello Enot” Mustard John said. “Come back to make a little money? We could always use a good singer here at the bar.” Enot smiled at the gesture. He had made more then enough gold to live a comfortable life, but he never gave up the chance to perform.

“Still paying two silver a night for a performer John?” Enot replied

“I am plus a meal. Still have the best veal in the land.” said John. Enot knew that John did not have the best veal in the land, but he still enjoyed it.

“I’ll be there tomorrow night John. I have to visit my Mom and Dad first. I’ll see you tomorrow.” Enot shouted, he had not stopped walking and noticed with his half-giant strides that he was well away from the inn.

“I’ll see you tomorrow then Enot.” John shouted back. “And don’t forget to bring your lute.”

Enot smiled at that. He kept walking past the mage’s tower that had been built by Desmond and Salinas. The two mages had established themselves as the realm’s best. The tower was closed as Salinas had decided to study with the Elves for five years on proper hand movement for Magic Missile. Desmond was living with gypsies. He kept walking past the orphanage that had been built by Brother Rabbit. His time had been there for only a short time, but his impact was powerful. As he walked he remembered the sadness that he felt on the day that his friend, Goba Daltin, had fallen. That had happened quite a bit in Enot’s life. He had lost friends and family, but through it all he had remained himself.

He smiled as he approached his childhood home. Enot could see the kids running around the house. His dad sat on the porch and he could smell the onions, potatoes, bacon, and chives cooking in his mothers stew. When he was almost there he was jumped on from behind. The attacker covered his eyes.

“Guess who?” the attacker said

“Bart? no. Barry?no. Chuck? No.” He reached behind his back and grabbed him. “Alan!”

“No fair! You have huge arms and could easily reach me.” Enot put him on his shoulder.

“Well we all have our gifts little one. I just happen to be a half-giant.” They continued all the way to the house where Enot put Alan down. One by one he hugged his nieces and nephews. Until his mother came out and broke it up. Dorothy was a small woman but she had a huge heart. His father Tomas had lost a leg years ago in a battle that saved Wayside against several Red Dragons. He was a fierce warrior, but he loved Enot nonetheless.

“Welcome home, Enot.” He heard from the doorway. His brother Willem was standing there. Willem was also a half-giant. He had stayed home and worked the mines for many years. The two men loved each other very much. Alan was Willem’s son and while only a quarter giant was already larger then the children his own age and twice as strong. Enot, Willem, Alan and the other children walked into the house. The other kids belonged to his other brother Frank. Frank was not a half-giant like Willem and Enot but unlike the two larger men he had a proclivity for breeding. He now had so many children that Enot had resorted to calling them Frank’s Army.

Enot sat in the specially made seat for him. He and Willem were much larger then their father Tom. He had married their mother, a Giantess many years ago. She had fled for reasons that Enot did not know, but shortly thereafter he had married Dorothy, a widow herself of a local town sheriff. Frank was only a babe at that time and they knew that raising the boys together would be good for all of them. Dorothy served all of her men the stew. There were only two girls in the group. Alison and Phoebe. Though they were probably the toughest girls in the world. You would be too with 14 brothers. They took each others hands and prayed to Fennornil for a bountiful harvest. It was Willem that broke the silence.

“So what adventures does the mighty Enot have to tell the kids.” Willem asked.

“Well I was out this time with Berman, he carried an axe and was always telling the ladies to call him the tripod, I have no idea why. Rathamon came too. I have always like Rathamon. Then there was a monk named Tokejin and a cleric named Clara. We had to hunt down these Orcs that had been attacking some far off village. It has been sometime since I have fought orcs. A lot easier….” Enot was interrupted by Tomas.

“Your brother was being sarcastic Enot.” Tomas looked over his glasses at the man. Tomas had grown older. He now had a spot of grey hair around his temples and despite the loss of a leg and obvious height disadvantage both Willem and Enot knew that when father gave that look he was angry with you.

“ What?” Willem asked

“Your brother does important work and always has Willem. Do not harass him every time that he comes home. I enjoy your stories son. Reminds me of the time that I went out adventuring before I met your mother.” Willem just gave a look and ate silently for the rest of the night. As did eveyone else. When the meal was done Enot got up and helped Dorothy with the dishes. He whistled a tune the entire time and then joined his father and Brothers out on the deck. Willem had an ale and Frank was smoking a pipe. The sweet smell of blueberry mixed with longbottom leaf filled the air. The night was clear and you could see the stars in the night sky. As they sat there quietly Enot began to hum. He had the biggest smile on his face. Alan came walking out and had tears in his eye, he was visibly shaking. He walked over and sat in his father’s lap.

“Had the nightmare again?” Willem asked.

“This time you, Uncle Frank, and Uncle Enot were in it. There were lots of Orcs and they were attacking you. Then the stars started to rain down and it got very dark and I could not find you.” Alan said

“The stars are always going to be there Alan, you don’t have to worry about that.” his father replied.

“May I?” Enot asked . He waved Alan over. “Look at the stars Alan. Did you know that according to the dwarves that the stars are the spirits of dead heroes resting peacefully in the night sky. They say that the greatest warriors are given more then one star and that they become constellations. Look over there. That one that appears to be a seahorse. That is known as the Constellations Merrin. The one over there that looks like a Pie? That one is called Constellation Grady. The one that looks like a lion. That one is called Constellation Robert. According to the dwarves they are there to guard against the dark. A long time ago before there were stars there were the free peoples. These people were attacked by the monstrous races until these men defended them. When they died,along with their comrades, Fennornil place them in the night sky to forever guard against the dark. Their light helps us to see in the night.” Enot looked down and saw that Alan had fallen asleep. Willem came over and took him inside. He came out a short time later.

“Sorry about giving you a hard time earlier Enot. Sometimes its hard when I see you come home with all of these stories for the kids. I am jealous of you.”

“Me. I am jealous of you.” Enot replied

“Why would you be jealous of me?” Willem asked.

“It’s true that I have gone on many adventures, but you have a son and a good one at that. I will never have children. You have a legacy to carry on the Faed name.” Enot said

“You’ll find someone Enot.” Willem replied.

“Maybe, Maybe not. For now I am jealous of you.”

“You should both be jealous of Frank. His wife is pregnant again.” Tomas interrupted

“Again!” Enot and Willem said in unison.

“Yeah. She thinks its going to another girl.” Franks replied

“You keep having kids and there will be more Faeds then citizens of Wayside. You could be the mayor in a landslide.” Tomas said jokingly.

“That’s the plan.” Frank said with a smile. The Brothers Faed and their Father had a nice laugh. Shortly thereafter each turned in for the night.

The next morning came quickly for Enot. He woke at sunrise and gathered his things. Dorothy had made breakfast and kissed her gentle giant on the forehead. He had told her the night before that he would be working the Dragonfly Inn the next morning. She had made sure to bake a loaf over night. She had also packed eggs, bacon, ham and a half dozen apples. Enot laughed and began his walk toward the town. He had taken this walk a thousand times over and each time he had whistled all the way. He smelled the early morning catch as he walked in and the fresh bread coming from the Dragonfly Inn. He ducked under the doorway as he walked in and sat his lute down on the stage. Mustard John was cleaning glasses behind the counter. Enot waved and began to restring the lute. He had gone on a long journey and the strings had begun to fray. He would have gone to a local bowyer to have it restrung but the truth is the density of the strings were too strong for most men to properly tune them so he had learned how to do it from a fellow bard named Ailenn. He and Ailenn had often played together. They were always making each better. Ailenn had taught him the bongos and Enot had reciprocated by teaching him the lute. Ailenn had long ago gone to another part of the world and Enot missed him.

Enot saw that a crowd had begun to gather. The morning fisherman had already finished bringing in the catch of the day. They were in to get their breakfast. Enot began to play a happy tune. The men eventually began to listen to him and after a few hours they were drunk and dancing. The men were putting copper and silver into his hat and Enot played joyfully.

Four hours into his shift Enot stood up and yelled. “ That’s it for now folks. Try the Veal!” He stood up and gathered his hat. He walked towards the counter and sat down in his old seat. The veal was already there waiting there for him. Mary the young redhead gave him his mug of milk. He stopped.her and handed her the money that he had earned.

“Can you make sure this gets to the orphanage?” Enot smiled big

“I sure can Tiger.” Mary replied.

Enot sat there and slowly ate his veal. As he did he saw Willem and Alan enter the Dragonfly. The boy ran up to him.

“Uncle Enot, Uncle Enot. I did not have any more nightmares and when I fell asleep I dreamt that the stars were the good guys.” He was talking so fast that Enot almost couldn’t understand him, almost.

“Good I am glad to hear it.” Enot replied.

“He insisted on coming to see you play.” Willem said.

“Well I am about to going to go on.” Enot rose and went back to the stage. He sat there and began to play. He played for several more hours, Alan sitting there the entire time. When he finished he got up and suggested the veal for a second time. He walked back over to where Alan and Willem sat.

“That was awesome Uncle Enot. I want to learn how to play the lute too. Dad can I get a lute?”

“We will have to see. I don’t have a problem with that, but we need to get home and get you ready for dinner. Grandma Dorothy gets mad if we aren’t home in time.” Willem said

“Aww…I don’t want to go.” Alan said sadly.

“It’s okay Alan. I am going to be home later tonight and I can tell you another story.” Enot told him. Alan smiled and gave Enot a big hug.

“Come on Alan. We need to stop at the fish market before we go home. Grandma is making fish . We will see you tonight Enot.” Willem grabbed his sons hand and they left. Enot got up and walked to the stage. He began to play again. Fifteen minutes into his last set a loud noise started blaring. Enot covered his ears and ran to Mustard John.

“What is that John?” Enot asked.

“Its a warning system that Desmond and Salinas put in just before they left. It lets us know when danger is coming.” John replied

John grabbed his two-handed sword from under the bar and ran outside. Enot grabbed the quarterstaff that he had been gifted many years ago. The staff was magical in nature. It was more a small tree then an actual staff and had two silver ends. As Enot wielded it in battle they silver ends would whistle a song that Enot could sing too. The staff was called Harmony. He followed Mustard John out and that is when he saw it. The biggest red dragon that he had ever seen. Older then an adult dragon Enot could not even begin to think of the Dragon’s actual age. It had landed near the fish market where the local guards were attempting to fight it. That is when Enot remembered that Willem and Alan were down there. The red dragon was billowing fire.

Enot started to sprint towards the fish market. His large strides made it difficult for Mustard John to keep up. As he ran he heard the screams of the dying soldiers. A large flame came out of the dragon’s mouth and that’s when Enot saw it. His brother was running towards him with Alan in his arms. He was getting ahead of the fire, but in Enot’s mind everything was happening so slowly. The Dragon stomped his foot and Willem began to trip. He threw Alan away from him and Mustard John caught him. As Willem fell his head hit the ground and he was knocked out. The Dragon and Enot both saw this. The Dragon began to inhale and Enot stood over his brother. He was saying something in a the arcane words that Desmond and Salinas had taught to him. As the dragon exhaled the fire Enot hit the end of his staff onto the ground. A lighted bubble covered both he and his brother preventing the majority of the flames from hitting them. The dragon stopped and looked at Enot. He spoke briefly.

“You do not have enough magic Mage to stop me. I shall kill you eventually. Give in now and I shall make your death quick.” The Dragon said. As he spoke the words sounded like fire burning. The smell of brimstone came out as he spoke. Enot realized that the dragon was weak. A dragon as he knew does not stop to speak to his prey unless he was unable to breath again. He had exhausted his fire on him. He pulled out his lute and began to play with ferocity. His eyes were affixed to the dragons eyes. His words dazed the dragon and the men around him began to feel better. Each of them started to attack the Red Beast, digging their swords into the beast. The Dragon fell back as the men became braver by the minute. They were winning. The Dragon was old though and within a few minutes he had come back. He stomped the ground and knocked the men to the ground knocking each of them unconscious. Enot stayed standing, defiant to the attack. His fingers had begun to bleed from the song he was playing. The Dragon sneered at him. He dropped the lute and picked up Harmony. Enot’s eyes were angry. The men of the town now laid dead or unconscious around him. He gripped the wood and began to chant again in the tongue of the arcane. He ran at the Dragon. Iy inhaled in and began to blow again expecting the magic that would protect Enot would not save him this time. Enot however was not casting something to protect himself. He was casting something else entirely . He jumped into the air flung himself at the Dragon. His arms seared with pain as the fire comsumed his outer flesh, but the strike found its way home. Enot Faed drove the end of the staff through the beast’s neck. A great scream came from the beast as it began to die. Enot held onto the staff as the dragon fell to the ground. Enot stood there for a moment looking at the world around him. Then he fell.

The next day there was great sadness in the town of Wayside. The Great Red Wyrm Dragon had decided to attack the town for unknown reasons. Many men had died, but Enot Faed had defeated it. The fight had only cost him his life. The Faeds had all gone back to their house and began preparations. A short time after Enot died Desmond and Salinas had teleported back to the area. They had volunteered their services for the funeral. They sent out messages to Enot’s friends. Many birds went out that day. A month later the family had planned the funeral. Alan had not cried since that day. As he dressed in his outfit that resembled Enot’s he slung his lute over his shoulder. He had spent the entire month teaching himself how to play the song. His first, a funeral dirge. He walked out of the house and grabbed his fathers hand. The family was wearing all black. The city had provided them with wagons to take them to the local graveyard. As they rolled along Alan practiced the song quietly. He needed to cry but he had not done it. He had convinced himself that men did not cry. They pulled over the hill and began to make the descent. As they did Alan’s eyes lit up in amazement. The local fields were filled with tents and flags that he had never seen before. Men were walking around in detailed and ornate armor. There was a large tent towards the middle and they began to descend towards it. The wagons stopped and Willem helped Alan down. His grandfather and grandmother were met by two men with full silver plate. They had helmets with white feathers that came out of the top and wore beautiful tabards with more feathers on them. They had dark blue capes and they ushered him into the tent. Alan walked in and towards the center of the room. He saw more men then he had seen in a long time. He almost jumped when he saw the lion standing there. But the gentle lion bowed his head. Next he saw a man, a dwarf, an elf, and four small men. He was already taller then them. Standing with them was an older gentleman all in white. He next saw group of men oddly dressed in ornate colors with masks on. Each had a symbol on their chest. Their was another lion, this time with a scarecrow and a man of metal. And another group had an old man with a sword that gleamed and kept saying snicker-something. He could not tell. As he and his father sat an older man walked up to the podium. He had white hair that went around his head. His dress was plain. He said a few words and offered condolences to the family. When he finished he called Alan to the front. Alan stood tall as he began to play the song. A third of the way through he began to sob and was having difficulty finishing the song when a man with long black hair came up and said. “My name is Ailenn and I would like to play this song with you. What do you call it?”

“The Last Ballad of Enot Faed.” Alan replied.

“That is a good name for a song.” Aileen said.

They began to play again and as they did several other members of the audience joined them. Rathamon joined in and started playing a flute. Desmond got on stage and started playing his drums, while Salinas cast a spell which created an entire band. Tokejin came up and played a large horn. The song lasted for an hour. When they were done the crowd gave them a standing ovation. The lions roared. Alan let the tears flow freely.

Many hours later when the body had been buried and the family had made their way home after hearing the stories that Enot had told them from different perspectives, Alan, his grandfather Tomas and his Father Willem sat on the deck looking at the stars when a short man approached whistling a tune not unlike the the one Enot used to whistle. He stopped and looked at the group sitting on the deck.

“Hello.” He said

“Hello.” Tomas replied. “Who are you?”

“I am called many things. I just prefer being called James.” He replied

“Well James what are you out doing at this time of night?” Willem asked

“Well it’s interesting. A month ago I was sitting at home and I noticed that they stars were all funny. I started following them here and well now it seems that I am in the place that I was meant to be all along.” James replied.

“What do you mean by all funny?” Alan asked

“Well my boy do you see up there. The one that looks like a seahorse?”

“Constellation Merrin.” Alan said

“Why yes. That is exactly what it is called. You gentlemen must have taught him well.” James said.

“My Uncle Enot did. About a month ago. Then he died.” Alan looked down at his feet.

“Odd, that is about the time that I first saw the stars. You know what they say about stars my boy?” he said

“The say that they are the spirits of great warriors keeping the world safe from monstrous creatures.”

“You are a bright boy. You have a smart one here Willem.” James responded.

“That I do, that I do.” Willem replied.

“You know if you look hard enough at those new stars they look like a lute. Oh well I have to be going now. It was pleasure seeing all of you.” and with that he began to walk away.

“Dad.” Alan said

“Yes son.” Willem said

“How did that man know your name?” Alan replied. The men turned to look where he had gone and there was no one there. “I think we should call it Constellation Enot, dad.”

“I like that name.” Willem said. He picked up his mug and sat silently looking at the stars.

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